1
In 2006, the porn industry grossed over 97 billion dollars worldwide.
1. Jerry Ropelato, « Internet pornography statistics – top ten reviews », 2006 (http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html)
2
72% of visitors to pornographic websites are male. 28% are female.
1. http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html
3
Consistent exposure to pornography can rewire the brain.
1. Nestler, E.J., “Is There a Common Molecular Pathway for Addiction?” Nature Neuroscience. 8(11), Nov 2005, 1445-9.
2. Hilton, D.L., (2010). Slave Master: How pornography drugs and changes your brain. Salvo Magazine, Issue 14. Retrieved December 1, 2010. http://www.salvomag.com/new/articles/salvo13/13hilton.php
3. Franklin, T.R., et. al., “Decreased Gray Matter Concentration in the Insular, Orbitofrontal, Cingulate, and Temporal Cortices of Cocaine Patients,” Biological Psychiatry (51)2, January 15, 2002, 134-142.
2. Hilton, D.L., (2010). Slave Master: How pornography drugs and changes your brain. Salvo Magazine, Issue 14. Retrieved December 1, 2010. http://www.salvomag.com/new/articles/salvo13/13hilton.php
3. Franklin, T.R., et. al., “Decreased Gray Matter Concentration in the Insular, Orbitofrontal, Cingulate, and Temporal Cortices of Cocaine Patients,” Biological Psychiatry (51)2, January 15, 2002, 134-142.
4
According to the Journal of Adolescent Health, prolonged exposure to pornography leads to:
• An exaggerated perception of sexual activity in society
• Diminished trust between intimate couples
• The abandonment of the hope of sexual monogamy
• Belief that promiscuity is the natural state
• Belief that abstinence and sexual inactivity are unhealthy
• Cynicism about love or the need for affection between sexual partners
• Belief that marriage is sexually confining
• An exaggerated perception of sexual activity in society
• Diminished trust between intimate couples
• The abandonment of the hope of sexual monogamy
• Belief that promiscuity is the natural state
• Belief that abstinence and sexual inactivity are unhealthy
• Cynicism about love or the need for affection between sexual partners
• Belief that marriage is sexually confining
1. Dolf Zillmann. “Influence of Unrestrained Access to Erotica on Adolescents’ and Young Adults’ Dispositions toward Sexuality.” Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol. 27, Iss. 2, Supp. 1, pgs. 41-44), Aug. 2000. Abstract: ScienceDirect. Web. 25 Nov. 2009.
5
Pornography is like a drug and can lead to addiction.
1. Naqvi, N. H., & Bechara, A. (2010). The insula and drug addiction: an interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making. Brain Structure and Function, 214(5), 435-450. doi: 10.1007/s00429-010-0268-7
2. Fattore, L., Melis, M., Fadda, P., Pistis, M., & Fratta, W. (2010). The endocannabinoid system and nondrug rewarding behaviours. Experimental Neurology, 224(1), 23-36. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.020
3. Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Tomasi, D., Telang, F., & Baler, R. (2010). Addiction: Decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit. BioEssays, 32(9), 748-755. doi: 10.1002/bies.201000042
4. Berlin, F. S. (2008). Basic science and neurobiological research: Potential relevance to sexual compulsivity. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(4), 623-642.
5. Karama, S., et. al., “Areas of Brain Activation in Males and Females During Viewing of Erotic Film Excerpts,” Human Brain Mapping; 16, 2002, 1-13.
6. Hilton, D.L., (2010). Slave Master: How pornography drugs and changes your brain. Salvo Magazine, Issue 14. Retrieved December 1, 2010. http://www.salvomag.com/new/articles/salvo13/13hilton.php
2. Fattore, L., Melis, M., Fadda, P., Pistis, M., & Fratta, W. (2010). The endocannabinoid system and nondrug rewarding behaviours. Experimental Neurology, 224(1), 23-36. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.020
3. Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Tomasi, D., Telang, F., & Baler, R. (2010). Addiction: Decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit. BioEssays, 32(9), 748-755. doi: 10.1002/bies.201000042
4. Berlin, F. S. (2008). Basic science and neurobiological research: Potential relevance to sexual compulsivity. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(4), 623-642.
5. Karama, S., et. al., “Areas of Brain Activation in Males and Females During Viewing of Erotic Film Excerpts,” Human Brain Mapping; 16, 2002, 1-13.
6. Hilton, D.L., (2010). Slave Master: How pornography drugs and changes your brain. Salvo Magazine, Issue 14. Retrieved December 1, 2010. http://www.salvomag.com/new/articles/salvo13/13hilton.php
6
Viewing pornography releases the same chemicals into your brain that heroin or cocaine does.
1. Fattore, L., Melis, M., Fadda, P., Pistis, M., & Fratta, W. (2010). The endocannabinoid system and nondrug rewarding behaviours. Experimental Neurology, 224(1), 23-36. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.020
2. Comings, D. E., & Blum, K. (2000). Reward deficiency syndrome: Genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Progress in Brain Research, 126, 325-341
3. Frascella, J., Potenza, M. N., Brown, L. L., & Childress, A. R. (2010). Shared brain vulnerabilities open the way for nonsubstance addictions: carving addiction at a new joint?. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences, 1187, 294-315
4. Goodman, A. (2008). Neurobiology of addiction: An integrative review. Biochemical Pharmacology, 75(1), 266-322. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.030
5. Esch, T., & Stefano, G. B. (2004). The neurobiology of pleasure, reward processes, addiction and their health implications. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 4(25), 235-251.
6. Kauer, J. A., & Malenka, R. C. (2007). Synaptic plasticity and addiction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(11), 844-858. doi: 10.1038/nrn2234
7. Naqvi, N. H., & Bechara, A. (2010). The insula and drug addiction: an interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making. Brain Structure and Function, 214(5), 435-450. doi: 10.1007/s00429-010-0268-7
8. Hyde, R.F., Christensen, B., (2010). The Brain science behind pornography addiction. The White Paper Series, Retrieved December 2010 from candeocan.com 9. Kastleman, M.B. (2007). The drug of the new millennium: The brain science behind internet pornography use. Provo, UT: PowerThink Publishing
2. Comings, D. E., & Blum, K. (2000). Reward deficiency syndrome: Genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Progress in Brain Research, 126, 325-341
3. Frascella, J., Potenza, M. N., Brown, L. L., & Childress, A. R. (2010). Shared brain vulnerabilities open the way for nonsubstance addictions: carving addiction at a new joint?. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences, 1187, 294-315
4. Goodman, A. (2008). Neurobiology of addiction: An integrative review. Biochemical Pharmacology, 75(1), 266-322. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.030
5. Esch, T., & Stefano, G. B. (2004). The neurobiology of pleasure, reward processes, addiction and their health implications. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 4(25), 235-251.
6. Kauer, J. A., & Malenka, R. C. (2007). Synaptic plasticity and addiction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(11), 844-858. doi: 10.1038/nrn2234
7. Naqvi, N. H., & Bechara, A. (2010). The insula and drug addiction: an interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making. Brain Structure and Function, 214(5), 435-450. doi: 10.1007/s00429-010-0268-7
8. Hyde, R.F., Christensen, B., (2010). The Brain science behind pornography addiction. The White Paper Series, Retrieved December 2010 from candeocan.com 9. Kastleman, M.B. (2007). The drug of the new millennium: The brain science behind internet pornography use. Provo, UT: PowerThink Publishing
7
Pornography is directly related to negative perception, attitudes & aggression towards the opposite sex.
1. Kingston, D.A., Fedoroff, P., Firestone, P., Curry, S., Bradford, J.M. (2008). “Pornography Use and Sexual Aggression: The Impact of Frequency and Type of Pornography Use on Recidivism Among Sexual Offenders”. Aggressive Behavior, Vol. 34, p. 341–351.
2. Watson, B., Welch, S.R. (2000). “Just Harmless Fun? Understanding the Impact of Pornography,” Enough Is Enough, http://www.enough.org/objects/justharmlessfun.pdf
3. Zillmann, D., Bryant, J. (1982). Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape. Journal of Communication, 32(4), 10-21.
4. Zillmann, D., Bryant, J. (1982). Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape. Journal of Communication, 32(4), 10-21.
5. Donnerstein, E., & Linz, D. (1986). Mass media sexual violence and male viewers: current theory and research. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 601?618.
6. Donnerstein, E., Linz, D., & Penrod, S. (1987). The question of Pornography: Research ?ndings and policy implications. New York: Free Press.
7. Malamuth NM, Donnerstein E (Eds) (1984): "Pornography and Sexual Aggression." New York: Academic Press 8. Fagan, P.F., (2009). Qtd in “The Effects of Pornography on Individuals, Marriage, Family and Community.” Marriage & Religioius Inst., Family Research Council., Love & Responsibility Project: Center for Study of Catholic Higher Ed. Scribd. Web. 11 Dec. 2009
2. Watson, B., Welch, S.R. (2000). “Just Harmless Fun? Understanding the Impact of Pornography,” Enough Is Enough, http://www.enough.org/objects/justharmlessfun.pdf
3. Zillmann, D., Bryant, J. (1982). Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape. Journal of Communication, 32(4), 10-21.
4. Zillmann, D., Bryant, J. (1982). Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape. Journal of Communication, 32(4), 10-21.
5. Donnerstein, E., & Linz, D. (1986). Mass media sexual violence and male viewers: current theory and research. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 601?618.
6. Donnerstein, E., Linz, D., & Penrod, S. (1987). The question of Pornography: Research ?ndings and policy implications. New York: Free Press.
7. Malamuth NM, Donnerstein E (Eds) (1984): "Pornography and Sexual Aggression." New York: Academic Press 8. Fagan, P.F., (2009). Qtd in “The Effects of Pornography on Individuals, Marriage, Family and Community.” Marriage & Religioius Inst., Family Research Council., Love & Responsibility Project: Center for Study of Catholic Higher Ed. Scribd. Web. 11 Dec. 2009
8
The pornography industry grosses more revenue than the top technology companies combined: Apple, Google, Ebay, Netflix, Yahoo, Microsoft and Amazon combined.
1. Kleponis, P. (2010). Psychotherapist: Porn Addiction Prevalent, Curable. Lifesitenews.com, Retrieved 2011 http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive/ldn/2010/oct/10101505
2. Ropelato, J. http://www.internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics-pg11.html Retrieved Jan. 2011
9
The average age of first internet exposure to pornography is 11 years old.
1. J Bryant, D. Brown, “Use of pornography,” Pornography: research advances and policy considerations, Hillsdale (NJ): Erdbaum; 1989, p. 25-55.
10
One out of every six women grapples with addiction to pornography.
1. Internet Pornography and Loneliness: An Association? Vincent Cyrus Yoder, Thomas B. Virden III, and Kiran Amin. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, Volume 12.1, 2005.
11
56% of divorces involved one party having “an obsessive interest in pornographic websites".
1. Fagan, P.F. (2009). Qtd in “The Effects of Pornography on Individuals, Marriage, Family and Community.” Marriage & Religioius Inst., Family Research Council., Love & Responsibility Project: Center for Study of Catholic Higher Ed. Scribd. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. http://www.scribd.com/doc/23930556/The-Effects-of-Pornography-on-Individuals-Marriage-Family-and-Community
12
Pornography skews your perception of healthy sexuality.
1. Firestone, R. W., Firestone, L. A., & Catlett, J. (2006). Factors that affect an individual's sexuality. In: Sex and love in intimate relationships. R. W. Firestone, L. A. Firestone, J. Catlett, (Eds.) Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association
2. Green, S. T. (2004). HIV and AIDS, the internet pornography industry and safer sex. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 15, 206-212
3. Trivedi, D., Brooks, F., Bunn, F., & Graham, M. (2009). Early fatherhood: a mapping of the evidence base relating to pregnancy prevention and parenting support. Health Education Research, 24(6), 999-1028
4. Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2010). Processes underlying the effects of adolescents' use of sexually explicit internet material: The role of perceived realism. Communication Research, 37, 375-399. doi:10.1177/0093650210362464
5. Patrick F. Fagan. Qtd in “The Effects of Pornography on Individuals, Marriage, Family and Community.” Marriage & Religioius Inst., Family Research Council., Love & Responsibility Project: Center for Study of Catholic Higher Ed. Scribd. Web. 11 Dec. 2009.
2. Green, S. T. (2004). HIV and AIDS, the internet pornography industry and safer sex. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 15, 206-212
3. Trivedi, D., Brooks, F., Bunn, F., & Graham, M. (2009). Early fatherhood: a mapping of the evidence base relating to pregnancy prevention and parenting support. Health Education Research, 24(6), 999-1028
4. Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2010). Processes underlying the effects of adolescents' use of sexually explicit internet material: The role of perceived realism. Communication Research, 37, 375-399. doi:10.1177/0093650210362464
5. Patrick F. Fagan. Qtd in “The Effects of Pornography on Individuals, Marriage, Family and Community.” Marriage & Religioius Inst., Family Research Council., Love & Responsibility Project: Center for Study of Catholic Higher Ed. Scribd. Web. 11 Dec. 2009.
13
The largest group of viewers of internet porn is children ages 12-17.
1. Family Safe Media Statistics. Qtd. at Alabama Policy Institute. “Internet Pornography: Facts and Figures.” Web. 3 Dec. 2009. http://www.alabamapolicyinstitute.org/issues/gti/issue.php?issueID=311&guideMainID=21 or http://www.familysafemedia.com/pornography_statistics.html
14
Porn addicts can suffer similar symptoms of withdrawal as hard-drug addicts.
1. Martin, P.R., Petry, N.M. (2005). Are non substance related addictions really addictions? Am J Addictions, 2005; 14:1-7.
2. Esch, T., & Stefano, G. B. (2004). The neurobiology of pleasure, reward processes, addiction and their health implications. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 4(25), 235-251.
15
More than half of those engaged in cybersex lost interest in sex with a loved one.
1. Fagan, P.F. (2009). Qtd in “The Effects of Pornography on Individuals, Marriage, Family and Community.” Marriage & Religioius Inst., Family Research Council., Love & Responsibility Project: Center for Study of Catholic Higher Ed. Scribd. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. http://www.scribd.com/doc/23930556/The-Effects-of-Pornography-on-Individuals-Marriage-Family-and-Community
2. Schneider, J. P. (1994). Sex addiction: Controversy within mainstream addiction medicine, diagnosis based on the DSM-III-R and physician case histories. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 1(1), 19–44
3. Sheneider, J.P. (2000) Effects of cybersex addiction on the family: Results of a survey. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity 7: 31-58, 2000 http://www.jenniferschneider.com/articles/cybersex_family.html
2. Schneider, J. P. (1994). Sex addiction: Controversy within mainstream addiction medicine, diagnosis based on the DSM-III-R and physician case histories. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 1(1), 19–44
3. Sheneider, J.P. (2000) Effects of cybersex addiction on the family: Results of a survey. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity 7: 31-58, 2000 http://www.jenniferschneider.com/articles/cybersex_family.html
16
25 percent of all search engine requests are pornography related (68 million daily pornographic search engine requests).
1. Internet Pornography Statistics: 2003, David C. Bissette, Psy.D. www.healthymind.com, 2004.
17
70% of 18 to 24 year old men visit pornographic sites in a typical month.
1. First-person: the culture of pornography, R. Albert Mohler, Jr., Baptist Press, 28 December 2005.
18
2.5 billion emails per day are pornographic (8% of total emails).
1. Internet Pornography Statistics. Internet Filter Review, 2004.
19
A study of youth between the ages of 10 and 17 concluded that there is a significant relationship between frequent porn use and feelings of loneliness and major depression.
1. Michele L. Ybarra and Kimberly J. Mitchell. “Exposure to Internet Pornography among Children and Adolescents: A National Survey,” CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8, 2005, Pgs. 473-86, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Web. 11 Dec. 2009.
20
51% of male students and 32% of female students first viewed pornography before teenage years (12 and younger).
1. Michael Leahy. Porn University: What College Students Are Really Saying About Sex on Campus, Pgs. 154-155, 2009, Northfield
Pub., Chicago.
21
70% of Internet porn traffic occurs between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., when most people are at work.
1. Eric Retzlaff. National Coalition Sex Statistics. Family Guardian Fellowship, 13 June 1999. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. http://www.famguardian.org/Subjects/SexualImmorality/Articles/SexStatistics.htm>.
22
51% of US adults surveyed believe that pornography raises men’s expectation of how women should look and changes men’s expectations of how women should behave.
1. No Consensus Among American Public on the Effects of Pornography on Adults or Children or What Government Should Do About It, Harris Poll, 7 October 2005. www.harrisinteractive.com
23
40% of adults surveyed believe that pornography harms relationships between men and women.
1. No Consensus Among American Public on the Effects of Pornography on Adults or Children or What Government Should Do About It, Harris Poll, 7 October 2005. www.harrisinteractive.com
24
42 percent of surveyed adults indicated that their partner’s use of pornography made them feel insecure.
1. Marriage Related Research, Mark A. Yarhouse, Psy.D. Christian Counseling Today, 2004 Vol. 12 No. 1.
25
41 percent of surveyed adults admitted they felt less attractive due to their partner’s pornography use.
1. Marriage Related Research, Mark A. Yarhouse, Psy.D. Christian Counseling Today, 2004 Vol. 12 No. 1.
26
30 percent of surveyed adults said their partner’s use of pornography made them feel more like a sexual object?.
1. Marriage Related Research, Mark A. Yarhouse, Psy.D. Christian Counseling Today, 2004 Vol. 12 No. 1.
27
Median age for the first use of pornography: boys: 11-13 girls: 12-14.
1. Your Children & Pornography: A guide for Parents, Tom Buford. Tommera Press, 2001.
28
Child pornography generates $3 billion annually.
1. Internet Pornography Statistics. Internet Filter Review, 2004. ?Pornographic Cable Television and Videos
29
There are 116,000 daily “child pornography” requests.
1. http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html
30
The Nation Research Council reported in 2002:
• 74% of commercial pornography sites displayed free teaser porn images on the homepage, often porn banner ads.
• 66% did not include a warning of adult content.
• 25% prevented users from exiting the site (this is called mousetrapping)
• Only 3% required adult verification.
• The two largest individual buyers of bandwidth were U.S. firms in the adult online industry.
• 74% of commercial pornography sites displayed free teaser porn images on the homepage, often porn banner ads.
• 66% did not include a warning of adult content.
• 25% prevented users from exiting the site (this is called mousetrapping)
• Only 3% required adult verification.
• The two largest individual buyers of bandwidth were U.S. firms in the adult online industry.
1. National Research Council Report, 2002. Qtd. by Department of Justice. “Obscenity: Pervasiveness, Threat and Harms.” Ppt. Presentation by Donna Rice Hughes 2002. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. .
31
In 2000, as many as 25 million Americans spent 1 to 10 hours per week viewing Internet pornography, and as many as 4.7 million spent over 11 hours per week viewing Internet pornography.
1. MSNBC/Stanford/Duquesne Study, 26 Jan. 2000. Qtd. in U.S Senate Hearing. “Keeping Children Safe from Internet Predators.” Subcommittee on Children and Families, 28 March 2000. Ppt. by Donna Rice Hughes. Web. 24 Nov. 2009 .
32
At least 20,000 American adults visit Internet sex sites at least 11 hours per week.
1. Victims of Pornography Month Should Not Exist, Jan Larue. Christian Counseling Today, 2003 Vol. 11 No. 3.
33
66% of porn performers have Herpes, 12-28% has sexually transmitted diseases, and 7% have HIV.”
1. Shelly Lubben. Statistics, comScore Media Metrix, 28 Oct. 2008. Qtd. by Luke Gilkerson in “Ex-Porn Star Tells the Truth About the Porn Industry.” Weblog Breaking Free, 28 Oct. 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2009.
34
A brief survey on the effects of cybersex shows how wives of porn users develop deep psychological wounds, reporting feelings of betrayal, loss, depression, mistrust, devastation, anger, and sexual inadequacy. The same survey shows more than half of those engaged in cybersex lost interest in sexual intercourse, and one third of their partners lost interest as well.
1. Jennifer P. Schneider. “Effects of Cybersex Addiction on the Family: Results of a Survey,” Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity 7, 2000, Pgs. 31-58. Web. 11 Dec. 2009.
35
Approximately 40 million people in the United States are sexually involved with the Internet.
1. Exposing Porn: Science, Religion, and the New Addiction, Paul Strand. Christian Broadcasting Network, 2004.
36
The most common ways people have accidentally reached pornographic content on the Web are pop-up windows (55%), misrepresented links (52%), misspelled URLs (48%) and auto links within emails (23%).
1. Fifty Percent of Workers Spend Nine days a Year on Personal Surfing at Work. Cerberian Inc. and SonicWALL, 20 July 2004.
37
According to Datamonitor, over half of all spending on the Internet is related to sexual activity. Each day 30 million people log on to pornographic Web sites.
1. Internet pornography statistics. Internet Filter Review, 2003.
38
70 percent of sexual advances over the Internet happened while youngsters were on a home computer.
1. One in Five Kids Has Been Propositioned for Cybersex. Legal Facts. Vol. 2, No. 3, 2000.
39
Cable companies brought in revenue of $177 million from sexually explicit pay- per-view programming.
1. No Big Surge in Sex Programs is Expected From Cable Ruling, Jim Rutenberg. The New York Times, 24 May, 2000.
40
Half of all hotel guests order pornographic movies. These films compromise 80% of in-room entertainment revenue and 70% of total in-room revenue.
1. Sex-Film Industry Threatened With Condom Requirement, Nick Madigan. The New York Times, 24 August, 2004. Pornography
41
Non-Internet pornography can be purchased or used through the Internet and is estimated to produce $20 billion in revenue world wide (IFR, 2004).
1. Internet pornography statistics. Internet Filter Review, 2004.
42
Annual rentals and sales of adult videos and DVDs top $4 billion, and the industry churns out 11,000 titles each year – more than 20 times as many as Hollywood, according to Adult Video News, an adult industry trade magazine.
1. Frammolino, Ralph and P.J. Huffstutter. “The Actress, the Producer and Their Porn Revolution.” Los Angeles Times Magazine. 1/6/02
43
An estimated 325,000 U.S. children age 17 or younger are prostitutes, performers in pornographic videos or have otherwise fallen victim to “commercial sexual exploitation,” University of Pennsylvania researchers will report today.
Their 3-year, $400,000 study is based on research in 17 cities. The work includes interviews with 200 child victims, most already in the legal system, and more than 800 state, federal and local officials. Experts on juvenile law say it is that deepest investigation yet into the extent of the problem. There are 72 million children age 17 or younger in the USA.
1. Memmott, Mark. “Sex Trade may lure 325,000 U.S. Kids; Report: Abused children, runaways typical victims.” USA TODAY. 9/10/01
